Outline the historical review required
three ideas in Chinese history and culture
First, the Chinese traditional culture, the evolution of mainstream thought
(a) that philosophers, understanding the formation of the Spring and Autumn Period contending the importance of the situation; understanding of Confucius, Mencius and Xun Zi and the Confucian thinkers such as the formation.
1, Spring and Autumn Period and the representatives of various schools of thought advocated
school
representative of the Confucian ideas and views
Confucius
①
that governance , adhere to correct views. their thoughts into the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture.
Mencius
① , proposed a (contradictory opposites and transformation)
political views: centralized monarchy and rigorously enforce the rewards and punishments, rewards history of agriculture and war
② that is developing and advocating Political Reform.
Mohist
Mo
, philosophy, military, literature, art, natural science and other Chinese areas formed the ideological and theoretical, cultural and academic development of future generations had a tremendous impact. which gave birth to China's traditional Confucian culture, political ideals and moral standards; 2000 years of Taoism form the basis of the philosophical tradition; Legalism in the entrepreneurial spirit, a progressive thinker history, politicians, the theory of reform and logos weapons. the most part, they jointly constructed the basic traditional Chinese culture spirit.
(b) know that Han Confucianism became the orthodox thinking of the historical facts.
1, thought Source: Dong will blend into the Confucian Legalism, the formation of Neo-Confucianism.
2, became the orthodox ideology: Han period, the adoption of Dong : mainstream culture.
(c) lists a representative of Neo-Confucianism, that the development of Neo-Confucianism in the period.
1, Background: Wei, Buddhism, Taoism and the rapid spread of Confucianism in crisis < br> 2, source of ideas: Confucianism + Buddhism + Taoism
3, Representative: Song m Hao, Cheng Yi; Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi m, Jiuyuan; Ming Wang Shou-ren m (Wang Yangming)
4, the main content:
Neo-Confucianism: Zhu Xi Song is a master of Science, Extension of Knowledge is the inner reflection; Wang Shou-ren (Ming Dynasty, who is a master of the Mind) .
5, the historical role of Neo-Confucianism:
① mm with the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members to maintain a negative dictatorship, repression, killing people's natural desire, have a negative impact.
② mm emphasis on the subjective will of an active force, focus on integrity , moral, and stress management systems in order to love, self-restraint, strenuously determined, emphasizing social responsibility and historic mission, but also highlight the dignity of human nature, to play an active role shaping the character of the Chinese nation.
(d) lists Zhi, xi, Gu, Wang Fu-chih and other thinkers, with a brief description of their basic views the development of Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, Uphold Justice, Annihilate Desire 2, xi, Gu, Wang Fu-chih common ideological claim:
① politics, criticized monarchy (monarch critical consciousness is the political economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties earth shattering arising under the social environment of absolute monarchy created a strong impact )
② economy, against the Restraining Commerce, that : These are the early democratic ideas in China, the early emergence of democratic ideas in itself indicates that the decline of the feudal system. their thoughts not only at the time of the feudal system to a strong impact, but in subsequent centuries still has enlightening enlightenment, to give future generations a profound inspiration to the people.
Second, the ancient Chinese science and technology and culture
(a) an overview of scientific and technological achievements of ancient China, the Chinese scientific and technological inventions contribute to the development of world civilization.
Four Great Inventions of knowledge contribution to the development of world civilization.
invention
Overview
contribution to the development of world civilization
papermaking
① Han: the invention of plant fiber paper;
② Han : Cai Lun improved papermaking.
① status: four great inventions in ancient times, the impact of the most ancient invention of paper, and social progress of civilization is also the most significant positive effects; ② role: in favor of information recording, storage, transmission and inheritance.
printing
① Sui: invention, block printing; movement prepared the conditions for the emergence of gunpowder
powder formulations have been the mid Tang Dynasty, records forces of the bourgeoisie over the feudal important weapon in the Warring States
compass
① Song mm mm Sinan
② invented the compass, and for navigation.
as Columbus discovered America and Magellan's global voyage voyage, provided technical ensure
other achievements:
Mathematics:
① Watch: Jiujiushengfa formulas, weights and measures, prepare for making calculations.
② Pi: Southern and Northern Dynasties Zu calculated the value of pi between 3.1415926 to 3.1415927 , this results in the world for a thousand years ahead.
③ the Eastern Han Dynasty, Astronomy monograph, the book's shape opinion than in Western Europe as early as 1,000 years; invented the determination of azimuth seismic seismograph.
③ Monk Tang and his party created the ecliptic travel device, the world first discovered the location of the star changes, the measured radial length.
④ element armillary sphere made on behalf of Kuo Shou-ching, compiled via Li's , the authoritarian establishment and development of centralized, unified the mainstream of history, social stability, continuity and diversity of technological development has provided good conditions.
economy: economic development and cultural progress of science and technology provide the material basis.
Education: The ruler of great importance to education development, training of personnel engaged in scientific and cultural undertakings.
diplomacy: the foreign policy of enlightened rulers.
ethnic relations: national unity and national integration and strengthen the various nations and regions cultural exchange and development.
(b) an overview of Chinese characters, drawing the origin and evolution of the process, to understand the basic characteristics of Chinese painting and Developing.
1) Chinese: Neolithic pottery to depict symbols there have been some gradually evolved into a character. Shang Dynasty Oracle is the earliest known Chinese characters mature. Shang and Zhou bronzes text called , and later be promoted official script.
2) Wei and Jin periods, the development of Chinese calligraphy reasons: shape rich, a huge number of single man, as rich and unique art created for the material; knowledge of the formation of groups, Calligraphy became the world to express themselves on the mood, charm, strength of character to pursue the ideal form; improved ink and paper stationery, calligraphy skills to provide the conditions for innovation.
3) calligrapher: Wang Jin's ; best cursive handwriting Four, in the pursuit of individual testimonies ignored, not interested in advocacy.
Ming Dynasty Calligraphy greater emphasis on individual creativity.
4) Seal: The art of calligraphy known as sisters, age is a sign of the Qin and Han period for the Han India to Xiaozhuan based on integration official script style. After the middle of the Ming, carving and calligraphy, painting together, become an important part of ancient art.
5) Painting: Warring States Period: There is a brush drawing on the work of the Silk.
Han: painting dynasty. Wei: Gu Kai Wu with the wind, features: on the one hand the court of popular and folk-oriented realist painting, on the other hand appears non-utilitarian, the main impressionistic paintings and into Indian poetry paintings as a whole. not for the shape of Chinese painting, calligraphy pay attention to personal subjective feelings, performance practices, flexibility and freedom , in the enlightened national self-confidence and self-esteem, independence, without fear of violence and so played a subtle role.
(c) know the Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties novels and other literary achievements, understand the different periods of ancient Chinese literary characteristics.
1, Book of Songs: the one of the earliest collection of poems composed for realism style, into the wind, Ya, Song of three parts < br> (1) Songs
(3) folk essence, the use of Chu dialect, creating a new body of poetry, which is characterized by the creation of romantic way, emotional and imaginative, imagine strange, colorful literary grace, freedom and flexibility to sentence; (representative: Yuan mm br> 3, Han: characterized by great momentum, gorgeous rhetoric, pay attention to alignment, prose and verse with. (Western Han Dynasty, Sima, such as ; Shixian Quiet Night The poem is called Biography ;.
① graceful School: style tactful, sincere feelings. Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao.
② Haofang Pai: Toshihaya fresh, energetic bold. Su, Xin.
7, Song of the: Storyteller Dibon used, the contents of Buddhist scriptures, history, love, such as more than express the author's gloomy mood Han.
9, Ming and Qing fiction: well-developed commodity economy and the rise of the public sectors, so Fictions in Ming and Qing literature into the mainstream. emergence of the Dream of Red Mansions, Wu Jingzi magic colors ceremony for the expulsion of demons. pre-Qin era, Nuo become a national ritual and ceremonial important component of the system. Nuo ritual held when the singing and dancing, and has become one of the most ancient source of drama.
2, Growth: Song South opera, popular in Wenzhou, Zhejiang, and Fujian Quanzhou, Fuzhou area, by the folk artists or lower intellectual creation, expose society's dark and the expression of aspirations of working people, mainly in the folk pop.
3, Mature: Yuan Dynasty, it will be poetry, singing, dialogue, music, dance and other performances together, a complete storyline and the role of co-opera marks the maturity of ancient China. Yuan Dynasty popular, in addition to benefit from the economic prosperity of the city developed with the public growth sectors, but also to the low status of intellectuals related to the underlying intellectual talent will be a vent cavity creation in the drama, to promote prosperity of the Yuan Dynasty. YuanQu Four are: Guan Hanqing (Dou E Yuan), White Park, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu. representative of Wang Shih-fu's Beijing after absorbing and into the Beijing vocabulary, won the audience. Hui Han confluence (Hui stressed Han Tune)
5, prosperous: Qing wen, dynasty, Peking Opera unremitting efforts by several generations of artists, absorbing, mastery, eclectic , innovation, and finally ushered in a busy period.
Third, the trend of modern China's ideological emancipation
(a) understand the Chinese people to learn the West after the Opium War, the idea for change process, understanding Thought in Modern Reformation Movement the process of China's social development role.
1, the response at all levels after the Opium War:
a. Farmers: Aid in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the br> b. against the landlord class to send (enlightened landlords): open eyes to the world. Lin is the first person to open eyes to the world, compiled proposed maintenance of natural systems and Tsunatsune ethics under the premise of the Western capitalist countries using modern technology, follow the example of Western countries in education, taxes, weapons and equipment and other aspects of a number of specific measures in the Westernization the New Deal to save the Qing Dynasty in decline.
Westernization School and the diehards of the debate: in essence, the landlord class in what way the internal struggle to maintain rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Practice: 19th century 60s to 90s, invented the br> Evaluation: Do not learn from the West in general limited to the level of material culture, but the impact of the traditional
2, early reformers:
Background: The Sino-French War exposed the failure of the drawbacks of Westernization Movement, the early Chinese and Western bourgeois reformers started the relationship of body and deep reflection.
People: Wang Tao, Xue Fortune, Guanying.
proposition: improved political, constitutional monarchy system; development of commercial, industrial, commercial war with foreigners.
role: the attention of intellectuals at that time from the business of technology transfer to the political system.
3, the Reformation Thoughts:
a. Background: 19C90S, the initial development of national industry, the formation of the national bourgeoisie, Western knowledge growth.
b. Debate and the diehards: Should political reform, Xing civil rights, advocating Western. < br> c. representative:
Kang: wooden cottage in Guangzhou million Shoutu lectures, Xuan Chuanwei new ideas, the , borrowed coat and Confucius Classics souls, denying the ideological basis for authoritarian rule and spread of Western, Xuan Chuanwei the importance of the new political reform, political reform for the reform in line with traditional cultural values provide the theoretical basis of intellectual production in the Volcano Eruption The legislation, changing examination equality, given the strongest voice of that era.
Fu: Build, freedom of speech, equality, personal inviolability, protection of private property and so on. He is the systematic introduction of modern Western culture to China the first person to borrow the theory of evolution, require political reform in China, from weak to strong, or otherwise out of national subjugation and genocide.
d. Practice: 1898 Reform Movement.
e. Significance: inspire people patriotism and national spirit, an ideological liberation movement, the reformers against the feudal autocracy and feudal ideas and cultural criticism, the main Zhang Xingmin rights, promote the new study, the Enlightenment played a role in promoting the people's awakening.
(b) outlines the main contents of the New Culture Movement, understanding its emancipation of modern China.
1, the direct cause: the restoration of Emperor Yuan to public opinion, set off a Confucian retro counter.
2, flags: 1915, Chen established in Shanghai, (later renamed the :
① promotion of democracy and science, against tyranny and ignorance, superstition
② promotion of the new morality, against the old morality; (attacks to Confucius and Confucianism as the representative of the old ethics, ethics)
③ new literature to promote against the old literature (Hu advocated replacing classical vernacular, Lu Xun first vernacular novel Revolution in the continuation of the ideological and cultural fields. It is politically and ideologically to the despotism to an unprecedented blow has shaken the ideological dominance of the traditional ethics, the promotion of the Chinese people, especially young intellectuals played a significant role in awakening It is a great democracy and cultural enlightenment reform movement. It enables people to more urgent pursuit of truth, the pursuit of progress, and thus the spread of Marxism in China has created favorable conditions to promote the occurrence of the May Fourth Movement. < br> Limitations: The reference to Eastern and Western culture, there is definitely some negative or absolutely certain one-sidedness.
(c) A brief historical spread of Marxism in China, understanding the historical development of Marxism and of great significance to China. < br> 1, Marxism came to China:
a. subject to the impact of the October Revolution in Russia, the Chinese people began to introduce some of the new culture, advocacy of Marxism.
b. zhao published in 1918, Comparison of > e. Issue and Debate: Ambiguity Dazhao and Hu is the method used to solve social problems in China, Hu insisted experimentalism of local improvement, zhao insisted Marxist social revolution.
2, select the advanced intellectuals Marxism:
a. Marxist team: Chen, Mao Zedong, Deng Xia, Cai Hesen, Qu, and Zhou Enlai.
b. The establishment of the Chinese Communist Party: Communist Party of the early established throughout the organization, in July 1921 to Marxist theory the guidance of the Chinese Communist Party established.
four in China since the 20th century, the major ideological and theoretical achievements
(a) understand the Three People's Principles, and the main contents of the new Three People's Principles, recognizing that they are in promoting and National Revolution in the Revolution role.
1, Three People's Principles (1905, against the Manchu nobility of China's authoritarian rule.
b. Civil Rights: equalization of land rights common aspiration to promote the development of the bourgeois democratic revolution and establish a bourgeois republic, China's first government. Three Principles of Sun Yat-sen also to thinking, formulated and promulgated the first constitution of bourgeois democracy mm The first National Congress of the Kuomintang proposed)
1) Content:
a. National: Foreign against imperialism, internal opposition to ethnic oppression, equality among all ethnic.
b. Civil Rights: Grant of all against the Empire Marxism and the feudal warlords of the individuals and groups all the freedom and rights.
c. Livelihood: equalization of land rights, control of capital, the Evaluation: The new Three People's Principles has a distinct anti-imperialist revolutionary, a political foundation for cooperation, the two parties, development. but it is in theory, the program still does not exceed the scope of bourgeois democracy.
3, the overall evaluation: Sun cast the essence of Western thought and culture and the creation of the Three People's Principles doctrine is an active revolutionary idea of its assets the core, both have distinct era of bourgeois-democratic revolution, the content, but also has a strong national characteristics of patriotism, and quickly became the mainstream of China's advanced and modern political thought for the Chinese people against imperialism and feudalism and national salvation program of revolutionary struggle .
(b) outlines the main elements of Mao Zedong Thought, understanding its profound impact on modern China.
1, the formation process:
a. Beginning: the National Revolutionary Movement (1924-1927) Mao Zedong Thinking of China's national conditions. In b. shape: the Agrarian Revolution period (1927-1936) of the down the enemy forces to rural areas surrounding the cities, the last to win the national regime.
c. Maturity: Zunyi Conference during the War (1936-1945). a sign of maturity is 1940,1, from the reality of the Chinese revolution, the revolution's leadership to resolve the class, the revolutionary objectives, future of the revolution and other important issues.
1945 年 CPC d. after the founding (after 1949) development. suitable for China's road of socialist transformation: the form of state capitalism with the peace policy of redemption and transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, with a gradual transition in the form of individual agriculture and the transformation of individual handicrafts. Communist Eight economy and culture, building a powerful socialist country.
2, features: is Marxism-Leninism and the concrete practice of China's revolutionary product of Marxism in China; is the collective wisdom of the CPC; essence of seeking truth from facts, the people route, independent.
3, of:
a. guiding the Chinese people won the victory of democratic revolution, the establishment of the People's Republic
b. Marxism-Leninism with the realities of the Chinese revolution first historic leap of Marxism in China, the CPC's guiding ideology
c. founding of New China, the founding of the socialist ideological basis is the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, origin and theoretical guide, the CPC and the Chinese nation's great playing a great and far-reaching revival of the guiding role.
(c) outlined the main contents of Deng Xiaoping Theory, the building of awareness of the significance of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
1, the formation and development:
① form: 1978, fourteen much CPC signs, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the formation of a complete system.
③ established as the party's guiding ideology: in 1997 China's fifth largest
2, the essence: seek truth from facts
3, the core content : b. essence: emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts.
c. Role: question of what is socialism and how the problems of building socialism; guided the reform and opening up and socialist construction; is a strong pillar of the contemporary national spirit; creative development of Marxism Marxism, Marxism in China's second historic leap.
(d) an overview of improvement and development of important guiding significance.
1, the essence: emancipating the mind, seek truth from facts
2, the basic content:
CPC must always represent the development of China's advanced social productive forces required; always represent the direction of China's advanced culture; always represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people.
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